Free Exams learning guide
How to Pass the CompTIA A+ Certification Exam
How to Pass the CompTIA A+ Certification Exam — a free intermediate-level guide covering how to pass the comptia a+ certification exam. Learn with...
What you will learn
- Exam Strategy & Troubleshooting Methodology
- PC Hardware Components & Peripherals
- Mobile Devices & IoT Hardware
- Networking Fundamentals & Protocols
- Virtualization & Cloud Computing
- Core 1 Hardware & Network Troubleshooting
- Windows & macOS Operating Systems
- Linux, ChromeOS, and Mobile OS Management
- Cybersecurity Threats & Defenses
- Software Troubleshooting & Operational Procedures
1. Exam Strategy & Troubleshooting Methodology
The Anatomy of the CompTIA A+ Exam You walk into the testing center, sit down at your workstation, and launch the exam software. The very first question isn't a straightforward multiple-choice question about port numbers. Instead, it’s a simulated help desk ticket. You must drag and drop networking cables into the correct ports on a patch panel, configure a small office router, and diagnose why a workstation cannot reach the internet—all within a strict time limit. For many candidates, this scenario is paralyzing. But for an intermediate IT professional who understands the exam’s underlying architecture and has internalized a systematic troubleshooting framework, it’s just another day at the office. Passing the CompTIA A+ certification requires more than just memorizing hardware specifications and operating system commands; it demands a strategic approach to the exam itself and a methodical mindset for solving problems under pressure. Core 1 (220-1101) vs. Core 2 (220-1102) The CompTIA A+ certification consists of two distinct exams. You must pass both to become certified. While they share some overlapping concepts—such as basic troubleshooting and security—their primary focuses are different. Understanding the domain weightings helps you allocate your study time proportionally. Core 1 (220-1101) leans heavily toward hardware, networking technology, cloud computing, and mobile devices. It tests your knowledge of the physical and logical infrastructure of IT. The domain breakdown for Core 1 is: Mobile Devices (15%): Laptops, tablets, smartphones, and wearable technology. Networking Technology (20%): Ports, protocols, cabling, and basic network configuration. Hardware (27%): PC components, peripherals, and display technologies. Virtualization and Cloud Computing (12%): Hypervisors, cloud deployment models, and client-side virtualization. Hardware and Network Troubleshooting (26%): Applying diagnostic methodologies to physical and network issues. Core 2 (220-1102) shifts the focus to operating systems, security, software troubleshooting, and operational procedures. It tests your ability to manage systems and interact with users in a professional environment. The domain breakdown for Core 2 is: Operating Systems (31%): Windows, macOS, Linux, and mobile OS management and configuration. Security (25%): Threats, vulnerabilities, encryption, and physical security. Software Troubleshooting (22%): Resolving OS, application, and mobile device software issues. Operational Procedures (22%): Documentation, change management, disaster recovery, and professional communication. Notice that troubleshooting accounts for roughly a quarter of both exams. CompTIA does not just want you to know what a component does; they want to know if you can fix it when it breaks. This makes mastering the standard troubleshooting methodology non-negotiable. The CompTIA Troubleshooting Methodology CompTIA expects you to follow a specific, six-step troubleshooting methodology on the exam. Even if you can intuitively guess the answer to a scenario question, you must select the option that aligns with this exact sequence. On Performance-Based Questions (PBQs), you will often be graded on whether …
2. PC Hardware Components & Peripherals
A mid-level graphic design firm decides to upgrade their aging workstation fleet rather than replace it. They hand you a list of requirements: faster boot times, enough memory to hold massive Photoshop files in RAM, support for multiple high-resolution displays, and rock-solid data redundancy for active projects. To make matters interesting, they want to keep the existing PC cases to save money. This scenario is exactly what the Hardware (27%) domain of the CompTIA A+ Core 1 (220-1101) exam tests. You are not just identifying parts; you are acting as an IT solutions architect. Building on the troubleshooting methodology established in Module 1, this module breaks down how to differentiate, select, install, and configure the internal components and peripherals necessary to meet specific workload and upgrade scenarios. Motherboards, Form Factors, and Expansion Slots The motherboard is the backbone of the PC. When upgrading an existing system—like keeping the firm's old PC cases—you must first ensure the new motherboard physically fits and aligns with the rear I/O shield openings. This is dictated by the form factor. Matching Form Factors to Cases CompTIA expects you to know the standard ATX form factors and their general dimensions: ATX (Advanced Technology eXtended): The standard desktop form factor (305mm x 244mm). Offers the most expansion slots and RAM slots. Micro-ATX (mATX): Shorter than ATX (244mm x 244mm). Fits in ATX cases but has fewer expansion slots. Mini-ITX: Designed for small form factor (SFF) builds (170mm x 170mm). Usually features only a single expansion slot and two RAM slots. If you are upgrading a standard desktop tower, an ATX or mATX board is the appropriate choice. If the firm specifically requested compact PCs for tight desks, you would look for a Mini-ITX board and corresponding SFF case. Expansion Slots and Upgrade Scenarios Once the board fits the case, you need to know what expansion slots are available for upgrades. Modern motherboards primarily use PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express). PCIe slots come in different physical sizes, denoted by the number of data lanes (x1, x4, x8, x16). A higher number means more bandwidth. PCIe x16: The longest slot, used primarily for high-bandwidth devices like Graphics Cards (GPUs). For the design firm needing multiple 4K displays, a dedicated GPU installed in a PCIe x16 slot is mandatory. PCIe x1: Short slots used for low-bandwidth devices like network interface cards (NICs), TV tuners, or additional USB controllers. PCI (Legacy): Older parallel bus standard. You may still see these on older boards for legacy hardware, but they are not used in modern builds. Exam Tip: PCIe is backward and forward compatible. You can plug a PCIe x4 card into a PCIe x16 slot (it will just run at x4 speeds), …
3. Mobile Devices & IoT Hardware
Laptop Internal Components and Upgrades Unlike the standardized ATX motherboards and modular PCIe slots covered in Chapter 2, laptops demand a highly integrated approach to hardware. Space and thermal constraints dictate that components are stacked, ribboned, and miniaturized. For the CompTIA A+ exam, you must know not only what these components are, but the specific procedures for replacing and upgrading them. When a laptop suffers hardware failure, your troubleshooting methodology (Establish a theory, Test theory, Plan and implement) remains the same, but the physical execution requires specialized knowledge. Specialized Laptop Hardware Laptops use distinct form factors for internal storage and memory. You will not find standard M.2 NVMe drives or regular DIMM sticks inside modern ultra-thin laptops. - Proprietary Storage: Many ultra-thin laptops (notably Apple MacBooks and premium Windows ultrabooks) use proprietary SSD formats. Rather than standard M.2 slots, the storage is often a small, removable card that slots directly into the motherboard (e.g., Apple’s flash storage blades). - Proprietary Memory (RAM): To save vertical space, modern laptops often solder RAM directly to the motherboard. When RAM is not soldered, it uses Micro-DIMM or SO-DIMM (Small Outline DIMM) formats. However, the industry trend is moving rapidly toward soldered memory, meaning you must verify if the specific laptop model supports RAM upgrades at all before promising a customer a memory boost. Replacing Laptop Keyboards Replacing a laptop keyboard is rarely as simple as unplugging a USB peripheral. The replacement method depends heavily on the laptop's chassis design. 1. Top-Case Removal: For many modern ultrabooks (like MacBooks), the keyboard is integrated into the top case assembly (the piece containing the trackpad and keyboard). Replacing the keyboard means replacing the entire top half of the chassis, requiring the removal of the bottom cover, logic board, battery, and speakers. 2. Keyboard Bezel/Frame Removal: On traditional business laptops (like Lenovo ThinkPads or Dell Latitudes), the keyboard is often a separate serviceable part. You typically remove the bottom cover, push plastic tabs from the underside to release the keyboard, and carefully lift it out. 3. Ribbon Cable Disconnect: All keyboards connect via a delicate ribbon cable (flex cable). - Warning: Ribbon cables use Zero Insertion Force (ZIF) connectors. You must gently flip up the tiny locking latch on the motherboard connector before pulling the cable out. Pulling the cable without unlocking the latch will tear the cable or break the connector, turning a $40 repair into a $400 motherboard replacement. Replacing Wi-Fi Antennas and Cards Laptop Wi-Fi cards are typically replaceable Mini PCIe or M.2 2230 cards. However, the physical card rarely fails compared to the antennas. - Antenna Routing: The Wi-Fi antennas are physical wires that run from the wireless card, up through the laptop …
4. Networking Fundamentals & Protocols
The SOHO Network Stand-Up A small graphic design firm just moved into a new office. They have twelve employees, a mix of desktop PCs, MacBooks, mobile devices, and a network-attached storage (NAS) device for large project files. They need internet access, a secure local network, and the ability to host a local test server. As the IT support technician on site, you are responsible for getting their Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) wireless router configured and their devices online. In previous chapters, we covered the physical hardware and mobile devices that make up this office. Now, we need to make them communicate. For the CompTIA A+ exam, you must understand how data flows across a network, the protocols that govern that flow, and the physical media that carry it. Let’s start with the three core services you will configure on that SOHO router: DHCP, DNS, and NAT. Configuring SOHO Network Services When you unbox a SOHO wireless router, it is designed to work "out of the box" with zero configuration. However, default settings are rarely appropriate for a business environment. You will need to log into the router's web interface to configure the three foundational services that make modern networking possible. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Manually assigning IP addresses to every device on a network is inefficient and error-prone. DHCP automates this process. A DHCP server (in this case, your SOHO router) leases IP addresses to devices for a specific period. When configuring DHCP on a SOHO router, you must define: IP Address Range (Scope): The pool of addresses the router can hand out (e.g., 192.168.1.100 to 192.168.1.200). Subnet Mask: Defines the network size. For most SOHO networks, this is 255.255.255.0. Default Gateway: The IP address of the router itself, which acts as the door to the outside internet. DNS Servers: The addresses the router passes to clients so they can resolve domain names. Lease Time: How long a device keeps its IP address before asking for a renewal (typically 24 hours). Troubleshooting DHCP: If a user reports they cannot access network resources, check their IP address. If it starts with 169.254.x.x, the device has an APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addressing) address. This means the device sent a DHCP Discover broadcast but received no reply. The router's DHCP pool might be exhausted, the DHCP service might be disabled, or there is a physical connection issue. You can verify this by applying the troubleshooting methodology covered in Chapter 1: Establish a theory of probable cause (e.g., "The router is not handing out IPs") and test it by checking the router's DHCP lease table. Domain Name System (DNS) Computers communicate using IP addresses, but humans remember names. DNS translates human-readable domain names …
5. Virtualization & Cloud Computing
Cloud Service Models: IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS Imagine your company just launched a new web application, and overnight traffic spikes by 400%. The physical server sitting in your closet would immediately crash. This is exactly the scenario cloud computing was built to solve. For the CompTIA A+ exam, Virtualization and Cloud Computing accounts for 12% of Core 1 (220-1101). You need to understand not just what the cloud is, but how to categorize its services and deploy its architectures. At its core, cloud computing is the delivery of computing services over the internet. Rather than buying and maintaining physical hardware—concepts we covered in PC Hardware Components & Peripherals—you rent access to compute power, storage, and applications from a cloud provider. The exam breaks these offerings down into three primary service models, often referred to as the cloud computing stack. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) IaaS provides the foundational building blocks of IT infrastructure: virtualized servers, storage, and networking. In this model, the cloud provider manages the physical hardware and the virtualization layer, while you (the customer) manage the operating system, applications, and data. IaaS is highly flexible and offers a "pay-as-you-go" model. If you need a server with 16GB of RAM today, you can provision it in minutes. Tomorrow, if you only need 4GB, you can scale it down. Customer manages: OS, middleware, runtime, data, applications. Provider manages: Virtualization, servers, storage, networking. Common examples: Amazon EC2, Microsoft Azure Virtual Machines, Google Compute Engine. Exam scenario: A company wants to migrate its on-premises Windows Server to the cloud but still wants to be responsible for patching the OS and configuring the server roles. IaaS is the correct choice. Platform as a Service (PaaS) PaaS abstracts the infrastructure layer entirely and provides a managed environment for developing, testing, and deploying applications. The provider manages the underlying servers, storage, networking, and the operating system. Your only focus is writing the application code and managing the data. PaaS is designed to streamline the development lifecycle. Developers don't want to spend time configuring Windows Server updates or Linux kernel patches; they want to write code. Customer manages: Applications and data. Provider manages: OS, middleware, runtime, virtualization, servers, storage, networking. Common examples: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Microsoft Azure App Service, Heroku. Exam scenario: A development team needs an environment to build a custom Python web app without worrying about configuring the underlying server OS. PaaS is the correct choice. Software as a Service (SaaS) SaaS delivers fully functional, ready-to-use software applications over the internet. The provider manages everything from the underlying infrastructure to the application itself. You simply log in and use the software, typically through a web browser. SaaS eliminates the need to install and update …
6. Core 1 Hardware & Network Troubleshooting
Boot Failures, POST Beep Codes, and Power Supply Issues A user presses the power button on their desktop PC. The fans spin up, the lights flicker on, but the screen remains completely black. No logo, no boot menu, nothing. For a CompTIA A+ technician, this "black screen of death" on startup is a common call. But before you assume the hard drive is dead or the OS is corrupted, you must determine if the system is even passing its initial hardware checks. When a computer fails to boot, your first diagnostic split is between no power, no POST (Power-On Self-Test), and OS boot failure. Power Supply (PSU) Diagnostics If the system is completely dead—no lights, no fan spin, no audible clicks—the issue lies with power. As we covered in PC Hardware Components & Peripherals, the PSU converts wall AC to DC power for the motherboard. When troubleshooting a suspected PSU failure: 1. Check the physical connections: Ensure the I/O switch on the back of the PSU is flipped to "1" (On) and the 24-pin ATX and 8-pin EPS cables are firmly seated in the motherboard. 2. Test the wall outlet and power strip: Plug a known-good device (like a lamp or tester) into the same outlet. 3. Check the motherboard voltage test: Some motherboards have built-in LED readouts that display live voltages (3.3V, 5V, 12V). If the 12V rail is reading 0V, the PSU is likely dead. 4. Use a PSU tester or multimeter: A dedicated PSU tester plugs directly into the 24-pin ATX connector and tells you instantly if the rails are outputting correct voltages. If using a multimeter, you can use the paperclip test (jumping the green PSON wire to a black ground wire) to force the PSU on, though this should be done with caution. 5. Swap the PSU: The fastest definitive test is swapping in a known-good PSU of sufficient wattage. Scenario: A user complains their PC randomly shuts down under heavy gaming loads but works fine when browsing the web. This is rarely a dead PSU; it’s usually an overstressed one. The PSU may be failing to deliver sufficient amperage on the 12V rail when the GPU draws maximum power, or it is overheating and tripping its thermal protection. POST Beep Codes and Diagnostic LEDs If the system has power (fans spin, lights are on) but nothing appears on the screen, the system is likely failing the POST. The BIOS/UEFI runs the POST to verify that the CPU, RAM, and motherboard are functional before handing off to the OS boot loader. Because the screen isn't initialized yet, the motherboard communicates POST failures via beep codes and diagnostic LEDs. Because beep codes vary by BIOS manufacturer …
7. Windows & macOS Operating Systems
Installation: Clean Installs vs. Upgrades A help desk ticket escalates to you: a user’s laptop is experiencing persistent blue screens, missing system files, and failed updates following a botched upgrade. You’ve applied the troubleshooting methodology from earlier modules—identifying the problem and theorizing that the OS registry is deeply corrupted. The fastest, most reliable resolution is to wipe the slate clean. On the CompTIA A+ exam, understanding how and when to deploy an operating system is critical. You must distinguish between a clean install (wiping the partition and installing the OS from scratch) and an upgrade (installing a new OS over an existing one while retaining data, settings, and applications). Windows 10/11 Installation Paths For Windows, an in-place upgrade retains user data and apps. You might use this when moving from Windows 10 to Windows 11, provided the hardware meets the strict requirements (TPM 2.0, Secure Boot, and a supported 64-bit CPU). However, if the existing OS is compromised, an upgrade simply carries the corruption forward. A clean install is the gold standard for stability and security. To perform a clean install of Windows 10 or 11: 1. Obtain the installation media via the Microsoft Media Creation Tool, writing the ISO to a USB flash drive. 2. Boot the target machine from the USB (often requiring you to access the UEFI/BIOS boot menu, a process tied to the hardware concepts from Module 2). 3. When prompted for installation type, select Custom: Install Windows only (advanced). 4. Delete existing partitions on the target drive until you see only Unallocated Space, then click Next. Windows will automatically create the necessary partitions. macOS Installation Paths macOS handles installations differently due to Apple’s closed hardware ecosystem. - Upgrade: Running the installer from within the existing macOS (downloaded from the App Store) will update the OS while keeping user data and applications intact. - Clean Install: To wipe the drive, you must boot into macOS Recovery. On Apple Silicon Macs, hold the power button until "Loading startup options" appears. On Intel Macs, hold Cmd + R at boot. From Recovery, you first use Disk Utility to erase the startup disk, then select Reinstall macOS. Scenario: A marketing firm is repurposing five older Intel-based iMacs for a new department. The previous user accounts and proprietary software must be completely removed. Rather than manually uninstalling apps and deleting profiles, you boot each iMac into Recovery Mode, erase the Macintosh HD via Disk Utility, and reinstall macOS. This guarantees a pristine state, free of legacy data or potential malware. Disk Partitioning and File Systems Before an OS can be installed, the physical drive (introduced in Module 2) must be properly partitioned and formatted with a file system. The exam …
8. Linux, ChromeOS, and Mobile OS Management
A junior IT technician receives a ticket: "Marketing user cannot sync corporate email on their new Android phone, and the design team needs a Chromebook configured for their contractor before the end of the day." A decade ago, this ticket would have been a nightmare of incompatible software and manual configurations. Today, it’s a routine task handled by modern device management frameworks. As we transition from Core 1 (220-1101) into the Core 2 (220-1102) operating systems domain, the focus shifts from physical hardware to software configuration and management. The Operating Systems (31%) domain of Core 2 expects you to navigate not just Windows and macOS, but also Linux, ChromeOS, and mobile operating systems. Building on the mobile hardware introduced in Chapter 3 and the cloud concepts from Chapter 5, this chapter focuses on executing basic Linux commands and managing mobile operating system configurations. Navigating Linux and the Shell Linux is a dominant force in the enterprise, powering servers, cloud infrastructure, and IoT devices. While graphical user interfaces (GUIs) exist for Linux, the CompTIA A+ exam tests your ability to navigate the file system and manage files using basic shell commands. The Linux File System Hierarchy Unlike Windows (which uses drive letters like C: or D:), Linux uses a unified, tree-like file system hierarchy that begins at the root directory, denoted by a single forward slash (/). Everything on the system branches out from this root. Key directories you must recognize for the exam include: - /home: Stores user-specific files and directories (similar to C:\Users in Windows). - /etc: Contains system-wide configuration files for installed software and services. - /var: Holds variable data that changes frequently, such as log files (/var/log) and mail. - /bin: Contains essential user command binaries (executables) available to all users. - /sbin: Contains system binaries, primarily used by the root administrator for system maintenance. - /tmp: A temporary space for files created by applications and users; typically cleared upon reboot. Essential Shell Commands To navigate and manage this structure, you will use the command-line interface (CLI), commonly accessed via the Bash shell. Intermediate learners should focus on the syntax and practical application of these commands. Navigation and Directory Management: - pwd (Print Working Directory): Displays the absolute path of your current location in the file system. - ls (List): Displays the contents of a directory. Use ls -l for a long listing format (showing permissions, ownership, and file sizes) and ls -a to view hidden files (which begin with a dot). - cd (Change Directory): Moves you to another directory. Typing cd /etc moves you to the etc directory. Typing cd .. moves you up one level to the parent directory. File Management: - touch: Creates …
9. Cybersecurity Threats & Defenses
A logistics company suffers a ransomware attack. The attackers didn't exploit a zero-day vulnerability or hire a elite hacking team; they found a single server sitting in a poorly ventilated closet. The door was propped open with a fire extinguisher. An attacker walked in, plugged a rogue USB drive into the back of the machine, and bypassed the login screen using a simple password-cracking tool. Within minutes, they had domain administrator access, and by morning, the company’s entire shipping database was encrypted. This scenario illustrates a critical truth tested heavily in the CompTIA A+ Core 2 exam (which dedicates 25% of its questions to Security): a chain is only as strong as its weakest link. You can configure the most advanced logical firewalls in the world, but if someone can physically touch your hardware, they own your network. This chapter bridges the gap between digital threats and the physical/logical controls required to stop them. Classifying Malware and Remediation As an intermediate IT professional, you already know malware is malicious software. For the A+ exam, you must be able to rapidly differentiate between specific malware types based on their behaviors, and know the exact remediation steps to isolate and remove them. Malware Types and Behaviors - Ransomware: Encrypts user data and demands payment (usually cryptocurrency) for the decryption key. Recent variants also exfiltrate the data, threatening to release it publicly if the ransom isn't paid (double extortion). - Trojan: Disguises itself as legitimate software. It does not self-replicate but creates a backdoor for attackers to access the system. - Rootkit: Operates at the kernel or firmware level, giving attackers administrative (root) access while actively hiding its existence from the operating system and traditional antivirus scans. - Spyware: Silently collects user activity, keystrokes (keyloggers), and credentials, sending them to a remote server. - Botnet: Infects a machine and turns it into a "zombie" controlled by a command-and-control (C2) server, used to launch distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks or send spam. - Cryptominer: Hijacks system resources (CPU/GPU) to mine cryptocurrency, often causing severe thermal throttling and hardware degradation over time. The CompTIA Malware Remediation Sequence When you suspect an active infection, do not immediately try to run a scan while the OS is running. Malware often hooks into system processes at boot. CompTIA expects you to follow a specific, logical sequence for remediation: 1. Quarantine the infected system: Immediately disconnect the machine from the network (pull the Ethernet cable, disable Wi-Fi). This prevents lateral movement and data exfiltration. 2. Disable System Restore: Malware loves to hide in restore points. If you don't disable System Restore before scanning, the system will reinfect itself if a rollback occurs. 3. Boot into Safe Mode or use Pre-Installation …
10. Software Troubleshooting & Operational Procedures
Resolving System Crashes, Application Hangs, and BSODs It’s 4:45 PM on a Friday. The IT ticketing system lights up with a priority-one alert: the marketing director’s laptop just presented a Blue Screen of Death (BSOD), and the presentation for the board of directors is trapped on the local drive. Panic sets in. As an IT support specialist, this is your arena. While Chapter 1 established the overarching troubleshooting methodology—Identify the problem, Establish a theory of probable cause, and Document findings, actions, and outcomes—this section applies that methodology specifically to operating system and software failures. You must move briskly from identifying the symptom to isolating the root cause, all while maintaining a professional demeanor. Diagnosing the Blue Screen of Death (BSOD) A BSOD (officially known as a "stop error" or "bug check") occurs when Windows encounters a critical error from which it cannot recover safely. This forces a system halt to prevent data corruption. When you encounter a BSOD, your most valuable clue is the stop code (e.g., IRQLNOTLESSOREQUAL, MEMORYMANAGEMENT, INACCESSIBLEBOOTDEVICE). While the on-screen QR code and stop code are helpful, the system often reboots before you can fully read them. To establish a theory of probable cause, you need to examine the crash dumps. Retrieving BSOD Data: 1. Mini Dump Files: By default, Windows writes a small memory dump file to C:\Windows\Minidump. 2. Analyzing Dumps: You can read these files using tools like BlueScreenView (a lightweight third-party utility) or Microsoft’s WinDbg. These tools highlight the specific driver or module that caused the crash. 3. Reliability Monitor: If you cannot access dump files, typing perfmon /rel in the Run dialog brings up the Reliability Monitor. This provides a timeline of system events, highlighting application failures, Windows updates, and hardware errors alongside a "View technical details" link. Common BSOD Causes and Resolutions: Faulty or Incompatible Drivers: The most frequent culprit. If a BSOD occurs shortly after a device installation or update, roll back the driver using Device Manager. Hardware Failures: As covered in PC Hardware Components & Peripherals, failing RAM or a failing hard drive can trigger stop codes like MEMORYMANAGEMENT. Use Windows Memory Diagnostic or chkdsk to verify hardware integrity. Corrupt System Files: Running DISM /Online /Cleanup-Image /RestoreHealth followed by sfc /scannow can repair corrupted Windows component stores and system files. Overheating: Check Event Viewer for thermal events. Application Hangs and Crashes When an application stops responding, it consumes system resources without interacting with the OS or user. The OS will eventually tag the application window with a "Not Responding" label. Initial Response: Task Manager: Press Ctrl + Shift + Esc to open Task Manager. If the application status is "Not Responding," you can right-click and select End Task. Resource Monitor: …
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