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Intermediate Spanish Grammar & Conversation Guide
Intermediate Spanish Grammar & Conversation Guide — a free intermediate-level guide covering intermediate spanish grammar and conversation. Learn with...
What you will learn
- Refining the Past Tenses
- Navigating the Present Subjunctive
- Expanding the Subjunctive to Adjective and Adverbial Clauses
- Future and Conditional for Hypotheticals
- Perfect Tenses and the Present Perfect Subjunctive
- Mastering Commands and the Imperative Mood
- Advanced Pronoun Usage and the Versatile 'Se'
- Prepositions, Por vs. Para, and Connectors
- Reported Speech and Sequence of Tenses
- Conversational Fluency and Idiomatic Expressions
1. Refining the Past Tenses
The Dual Nature of the Past Imagine you are recounting a chaotic weekend trip to a friend. You want to explain that the weather was beautiful, you were driving through the mountains, and suddenly, a tire blew out. In English, you effortlessly string these details together using the simple past: "The weather was beautiful, we were driving, and then a tire blew out." Spanish requires a more surgical precision. To convey that exact sequence, you must split the past into two distinct dimensions: the background and the event. You would say, Hacía buen tiempo, manejábamos por las montañas, y de repente, se pinchó una llanta. The ongoing past states (the weather, the driving) require the imperfect tense, while the sudden, completed action (the tire blowing out) demands the preterite tense. Since you already have a foundation in how these tenses are conjugated, this chapter focuses on refining your ability to choose between them instinctively, combining them to build complex narratives, and recognizing the linguistic triggers that dictate your choices. Completed Actions vs. Ongoing Past States At the core of past tense narration lies a simple division of labor. The preterite captures the boundaries of an event—when it started, when it ended, or that it happened a specific number of times. The imperfect captures the unbounded middle of an event—what was happening, what used to happen, or the continuous setting in which events occur. The Preterite: The Snapshot The preterite moves the timeline forward. Think of it as a photograph or a series of distinct, completed actions. You use the preterite to report: - Completed actions: Ayer, compré un coche. (Yesterday, I bought a car.) - Actions with a clear beginning or end: La película empezó a las ocho. (The movie started at eight.) - Sequential events: Me levanté, me duché, y salí al trabajo. (I got up, showered, and left for work.) - Actions with a stated duration: Viví en Madrid por tres años. (I lived in Madrid for three years [and I no longer do].) The Imperfect: The Video The imperfect sets the scene. Think of it as a video recording that captures the ongoing, uninterrupted flow of time without focusing on the start or finish. You use the imperfect to describe: - Ongoing past states: Hacía mucho frío. (It was very cold.) - Habitual or repeated actions: De niño, jugaba al fútbol todos los sábados. (As a child, I used to play soccer every Saturday.) - Mental, emotional, or physical states: Quería ir a la fiesta, pero estaba enfermo. (I wanted to go to the party, but I was sick.) - Telling time and age in the past: Eran las tres de la tarde. Tenía quince años. (It …
2. Navigating the Present Subjunctive
The Anatomy of a Subjunctive Sentence You are planning a weekend trip with a friend, and she says: "Quiero que vengas conmigo." (I want you to come with me.) You understand the words perfectly. Quiero means "I want," que means "that," and vengas looks like the verb venir (to come). But if you were to translate it literally, you might wonder why she didn’t say vienes. The answer lies in the mood of the verb. Up to this point, you have primarily worked in the indicative mood—the realm of facts, completed actions, and sequential events. When you used the preterite to say Ayer fui al cine or the imperfect to say Siempre iba al parque de niño, you were using the indicative to describe reality. The subjunctive mood, on the other hand, deals with the unreal. It expresses what you want to happen, what you feel about something happening, or what you doubt will happen. It lives in the realm of subjectivity. To build a sentence in the present subjunctive, you almost always need three components: 1. A main clause (the first part of the sentence, containing the subject and a triggering verb). 2. The conjunction "que" (that, which connects the two clauses). 3. A dependent noun clause (the second part of the sentence, with a different subject, where the subjunctive verb lives). Let's look at the structure: Main Clause + que + Dependent Clause Espero que tú tengas tiempo. (I hope that you have time.) Notice the change in subject. "I" am hoping, but "you" are having the time. This subject change is a massive clue that you need the subjunctive. If there is no subject change, you generally don't use que or the subjunctive; you just use an infinitive: Espero tener tiempo (I hope to have time). Conjugating the Present Subjunctive If you can conjugate verbs in the present tense indicative, you already know how to form the present subjunctive. The trick is to use the "yo" form of the present tense, drop the "o", and add the opposite endings. For -ar verbs, use -e endings. For -er and -ir verbs, use -a endings. Regular Verbs Let's look at three standard verbs: hablar, comer, and vivir. 1. Find the yo form: hablo, como, vivo 2. Drop the o: habl-, com-, viv- 3. Add opposite endings: -AR Verbs (hablar) yo hable tú hables él/ella/usted hable nosotros/as hablemos vosotros/as habléis ellos/ellas/ustedes hablen -ER Verbs (comer) yo coma tú comas él/ella/usted coma nosotros/as comamos vosotros/as comáis ellos/ellas/ustedes coman -IR Verbs (vivir) yo viva tú vivas él/ella/usted viva nosotros/as vivamos vosotros/as viváis ellos/ellas/ustedes vivan Stem-Changing Verbs Stem-changing verbs follow the same rules as the present indicative, but with a major catch for …
3. Expanding the Subjunctive to Adjective and Adverbial Clauses
The Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses: Seeking the Unknown Imagine you are walking through a bustling market in a new city. A vendor asks what you are looking for. You reply: "Busco un regalo que sea único." (I am looking for a gift that is unique.) You haven't found the gift yet. It exists in your mind, but not necessarily in reality. This is the core of using the subjunctive in adjective clauses. An adjective clause is a dependent clause that acts like an adjective—it describes a noun. The noun it describes is called the antecedent. In the previous chapter, Navigating the Present Subjunctive, you learned to trigger the subjunctive using verbs of influence, emotion, and doubt. Now, we apply that same logic to nouns. The rule is straightforward: If the antecedent is known, specific, and definitely exists, use the indicative. If the antecedent is unknown, hypothetical, or nonexistent, use the subjunctive. Known vs. Unknown Antecedents Let’s look at the difference side-by-side. Known Antecedent (Indicative): Tengo un profesor que enseña la gramática claramente. (I have a professor who teaches grammar clearly.) Why indicative? You already have this specific professor. He exists, and you are stating a fact about him. Unknown Antecedent (Subjunctive): Necesito un profesor que enseñe la gramática claramente. (I need a professor who teaches grammar clearly.) Why subjunctive? You are searching for this professor. You don't have him yet. He is a hypothetical ideal, not a confirmed reality. Here are the most common triggers that signal you are looking for an unknown antecedent, requiring the subjunctive: Buscar (to look for) Necesitar (to need) Querer (to want) Desear (to desire) Cualquier (any) Alguien (someone) Nadie (no one) Ningún / Ninguno (no / none) Scenario: Apartment Hunting in Madrid Lucía: ¿Qué tipo de piso buscas? Marcos: Busco un piso que tenga mucha luz natural y que esté cerca del metro. No quiero vivir con nadie que fume. Lucía: Yo conozco un piso que tiene tres ventanas grandes y un compañero que es muy tranquilo. Marcos uses the subjunctive (tenga, esté, fume) because he is describing an apartment and a roommate he hasn't found yet—they are unknown. Lucía uses the indicative (tiene, es) because she is describing a specific, existing apartment and person she already knows. Negative and Conditional Antecedents Sometimes you have an antecedent in mind, but you negate its existence. If you say, "No hay nadie aquí," (There is no one here), the "no one" obviously doesn't exist. Therefore, any description you attach to that nonexistent person requires the subjunctive. No hay nadie aquí que sepa hablar japonés. (There is no one here who knows how to speak Japanese.) No conozco a ningún estudiante que haya terminado el examen. (I …
4. Future and Conditional for Hypotheticals
The Softened Reality: Probability and Politeness Imagine a friend shows you a photo of a messy bedroom with clothes scattered everywhere, an open laptop on the bed, and an empty pizza box on the floor. You ask who the room belongs to. Your friend shrugs and says, "Será de mi hermano." Literally, this translates to "It will be my brother's." But your friend isn't making a prediction about the future. The room already exists, and the mess is already there. Your friend is guessing. In Spanish, the future tense isn't just for what will happen—it's a powerful tool for expressing probability and conjecture in the present. Quick Conjugation Review Since you already have a foundation in Spanish verb conjugation, let's move briskly through the mechanics. Both the future and conditional tenses are among the easiest to conjugate in Spanish because they don't require dropping the infinitive ending. You simply add the correct ending to the whole infinitive verb. Regular Future Endings: -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án hablar → hablaré, hablarás, hablará, hablaremos, hablaréis, hablarán comer → comeré, comerás, comerá, comeremos, comeréis, comerán vivir → viviré, vivirás, vivirá, viviremos, viviréis, vivirán Regular Conditional Endings: -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían hablar → hablaría, hablarías, hablaría, hablaríamos, hablaríais, hablarían comer → comería, comerías, comería, comeríamos, comeríais, comerían vivir → viviría, vivirías, viviría, viviríamos, viviríais, vivirían Irregular Stems: A select group of verbs use irregular stems for both the future and conditional, but they take the exact same endings as the regular verbs. decir → dir- (diré, diría) hacer → har- (haré, haría) poder → podr- (podré, podría) poner → pondr- (pondré, pondría) querer → querr- (querré, querría) saber → sabr- (sabré, sabría) salir → saldr- (saldré, saldría) tener → tendr- (tendré, tendría) venir → vendr- (vendré, vendría) Expressing Conjecture in the Present and Past When you lack concrete evidence, English relies on words like "probably," "must be," "I wonder," or "I bet." Spanish relies on the verb tense itself. The future tense expresses probability in the present, while the conditional expresses probability in the past. Present Probability (Future Tense) ¿Qué hora es? → Serán las tres. (I wonder what time it is. It's probably three o'clock / It must be three o'clock.) ¿Dónde está María? → Estará en la biblioteca. (Where is Maria? She must be in the library.) Llaman a la puerta. → Quién será? (Someone's at the door. I wonder who it is?) Past Probability (Conditional Tense) When guessing about something that already happened, use the conditional. This aligns with the past contexts we covered in Refining the Past Tenses, applying the same logic of completed actions or ongoing past states, but adding an element of uncertainty. ¿Por qué …
5. Perfect Tenses and the Present Perfect Subjunctive
Connecting the Past to the Present Imagine a colleague walks into the office and asks about the status of a project you’ve been managing. You want to say, "I have sent the email," "We have finished the report," or "I haven't spoken to the client yet." In Refining the Past Tenses, you learned to use the preterite and imperfect to narrate events that are entirely contained in the past. The preterite handles completed actions, sequential events, and actions with a stated duration, while the imperfect covers ongoing past states, habitual or repeated actions, and mental, emotional, or physical states. But what happens when a past action directly impacts the present moment? For this, Spanish uses the perfect tenses (los tiempos compuestos). These tenses bridge the gap between what happened and where we are now. The Mechanics of the Perfect Tense All perfect tenses in Spanish share a single, predictable formula: Subject + conjugated auxiliary verb haber + past participle Unlike English, which uses "to have" as the auxiliary verb, Spanish uses haber. You never conjugate the main action verb in a perfect tense; it always remains as a past participle. Forming the Past Participle For regular verbs, drop the infinitive ending and add: -ar verbs → -ado (hablar → hablado) -er/-ir verbs → -ido (comer → comido, vivir → vivido) Irregular Past Participles A small number of high-frequency verbs have irregular past participles. You must memorize these, as they appear in every perfect tense: abrir → abierto (opened) cubrir → cubierto (covered) decir → dicho (said/told) escribir → escrito (written) hacer → hecho (done/made) morir → muerto (died) poner → puesto (put/placed) romper → roto (broken) ver → visto (seen) volver → vuelto (returned) Note: Verbs ending in -uir (like contribuir, destruir) add a "y" to the ending: -yudo, -yudo. Wait, that's not right. Let's be precise: they add a "y" before the "i", making it -yudo? No, it's -yudo? Actually, the rule is -uir verbs become -uido (contribuido). The -uir to -yudo rule applies to verbs like huir in other forms, but for participles, it's regular. Let's stick to the core irregulars above to avoid confusion. The Present Perfect Indicative The present perfect indicative (el pretérito perfecto de indicativo) connects a past action to the present. You use it to describe life experiences, actions that happened very recently, or past actions whose effects are still relevant right now. You conjugate haber in the present tense: yo he tú has él/ella/usted ha nosotros/as hemos vosotros/as habéis ellos/ellas/ustedes han When to use it: 1. Life experiences: He viajado a México tres veces. (I have traveled to Mexico three times.) 2. Recent past: Often paired with time markers like hoy (today), esta …
6. Mastering Commands and the Imperative Mood
The Anatomy of the Imperative Mood Imagine you are guiding a group of friends through a bustling market in Mexico City. You need to keep the group together, so you say, "Follow me!" Then, seeing a vendor selling amazing tamales, you tell your friend, "Try this!" Suddenly, you spot a puddle and warn another friend, "Don't slip!" In these split seconds, you aren't discussing what you did yesterday (using the preterite or imperfect), nor are you musing about what you will do tomorrow (using the future). You are exerting your will on the present moment. This is the imperative mood (el modo imperativo). It is the grammatical engine for giving instructions, making requests, and issuing commands. Because Spanish differentiates between formal and informal registers, as well as affirmative and negative situations, the imperative mood requires you to select the correct form based on who you are talking to and what you want them to do (or not do). Affirmative Informal (Tú) Commands Let's move briskly through the fundamentals. For informal affirmative commands, the rule of thumb is surprisingly simple: use the third-person singular form of the present indicative. Hablar → Habla (Speak) Comer → Come (Eat) Escribir → Escribe (Write) The Irregular Affirmative Tú Commands Of course, Spanish wouldn't be Spanish without a handful of highly frequent irregulars. These eight verbs do not follow the third-person singular rule and must be memorized. Fortunately, many of them form a catchy mnemonic rhyme in Spanish: Vin Diesel has ten weapons, eh? Venir (to come) → Ven Decir (to say/tell) → Di Salir (to leave) → Sal Hacer (to do/make) → Haz Tener (to have) → Ten Poner (to put) → Pon Ser (to be) → Sé Ir (to go) → Ve Note: Be careful not to confuse Ve (from ir - Go!) with Ven (from ver - See!). Since ver is regular, its command is simply Ve (Wait, let me correct that: Ver → Ve, Ir → Ve. Yes, they are identical. Context will clarify!) Formal (Usted/Ustedes) Commands When you need to show respect—speaking to a stranger, an elder, or a professional—you use formal commands. As we established in "Navigating the Present Subjunctive," formal commands are formed by taking the first-person singular (yo) form of the present indicative, dropping the -o, and adding the opposite vowel ending. -AR verbs add -e (Usted) / -en (Ustedes) -ER/-IR verbs add -a (Usted) / -an (Ustedes) Examples: Hablar → Hablo → Hable (Speak, sir) / Hablen (Speak, everyone) Comer → Como → Coma / Coman Escribir → Escribo → Escriba / Escriban Because these endings are identical to the present subjunctive endings, any verb that is irregular in the present subjunctive will also be irregular …
7. Advanced Pronoun Usage and the Versatile 'Se'
The Mechanics of Double Object Pronouns Imagine you are at a bustling market in Madrid. A vendor hands you a beautifully woven scarf, and you turn to your friend to say, "I bought it for you." In English, this thought requires five words. In Spanish, you can convey the exact same meaning in just two: Te lo compré. By this point in your journey, you are already comfortable using direct object pronouns (to identify what or who receives an action) and indirect object pronouns (to identify to whom or for whom an action is done). You also have a solid grasp of the preterite and imperfect tenses from our work in Refining the Past Tenses. Now, it is time to put them together. When a verb takes both a direct and an indirect object in Spanish, you use double object pronouns. The Rule of "R.I.D." and Word Order When combining pronouns, Spanish follows a strict sequence known as R.I.D.: 1. Reflexive (if applicable) 2. Indirect Object Pronoun 3. Direct Object Pronoun In practice, for double object pronouns, the indirect object pronoun always precedes the direct object pronoun. I.O.P: me, te, le, nos, os, les D.O.P: me, te, lo, la, nos, os, los, las If you want to say "She gave the book to Juan," you start with the verb (dar), then attach the indirect object (le for a Juan), and finally the direct object (lo for el libro). Ella se lo dio. (She gave it to him.) The "Le" to "Se" Transformation Notice that in the example above, we didn't say "Ella le lo dio." When the third-person indirect object pronouns (le or les) are placed directly before the third-person direct object pronouns (lo, la, los, las), the indirect object pronoun must change to se. This is not the reflexive se we will discuss later; it is purely a phonetic adjustment to prevent the clunky tongue-twister of "le lo" or "les las". Incorrect: El profesor le dio la tarea al estudiante. - El profesor le la dio. Correct: El profesor se la dio. (The professor gave it to him/her.) Scenario: Organizing a Surprise Party Let’s look at how this works in a sequence of actions, applying the sequential event language we mastered in Refining the Past Tenses. 1. Anoche, compré los globos para María. - Anoche, se los compré. (Last night, I bought them for her.) 2. Luego, Juan envió la invitación a los invitados. - Luego, Juan se la envió. (Then, Juan sent it to them.) 3. En seguida, nosotros contamos el secreto a ti. - En seguida, te lo contamos. (Immediately, we told it to you.) Placement in Complex Sentences Just like single pronouns, double object pronouns must …
8. Prepositions, Por vs. Para, and Connectors
Navigating Space: Prepositions of Motion and Location You are walking through a bustling market in Madrid. A friend texts you, asking where you are. You type: “Estoy en el mercado” (I am at the market). Accurate, but basic. What if you want to explain that you are walking toward the fruit stalls, walking past the bakery, or standing next to the fountain? To move beyond beginner-level descriptions, you need to master prepositions of motion and location. While you already know the fundamentals (en, a, de), intermediate Spanish demands a more nuanced toolkit to describe exactly where things are and where they are going. Verbs of Motion and Their Prepositional Partners In Spanish, certain verbs of motion inherently imply a destination and pair with a (to), while others imply a trajectory and pair with por (through/along). 1. Llegar a (To arrive at/in): Llegamos a tiempo a la estación. (We arrived at the station on time.) 2. Subir a / Bajar de (To get on / To get off): Subí al autobús, pero mi amigo bajó del tren. (I got on the bus, but my friend got off the train.) 3. Pasar por (To go past / To stop by): Pasé por la farmacia antes de ir a casa. (I stopped by the pharmacy before going home.) 4. Cruzar por (To cross through): Cruzamos por el puente para ver el río. (We crossed through the bridge to see the river.) The Nuance of Direction: Hacia vs. A Beginners learn to use a to indicate destination (Voy a la tienda). However, when you want to express movement toward a place without necessarily arriving there, use hacia. A: Implies a definitive destination. Voy a la playa. (I am going to the beach.) Hacia: Implies direction. Caminaba hacia la playa cuando empezó a llover. (I was walking toward the beach when it started to rain.) Locational Nuances: Delante de vs. Ante When describing where things are, you often use compound prepositions like delante de (in front of) or detrás de (behind). As an intermediate learner, you will encounter shorter, formal equivalents like ante (before/in front of) and tras (behind/after). While delante de is used for physical location, ante is often used in abstract or formal contexts to mean "in the presence of" or "faced with." Physical: El coche está delante de la casa. (The car is in front of the house.) Abstract/Formal: El sospechoso compareció ante el juez. (The suspect appeared before the judge.) The Great Divide: Por vs. Para If there is one grammatical hurdle that defines the leap from beginner to intermediate Spanish, it is mastering por and para. Both translate to "for" in English, which is precisely why they cause so much …
9. Reported Speech and Sequence of Tenses
The Mechanics of Reporting in the Present Imagine a coworker storms into the breakroom and announces, "I am handing in my resignation tomorrow!" A few minutes later, another colleague walks in, looks at your shocked face, and asks what happened. You reply: Elena dice que entrega su renuncia mañana (Elena says that she is handing in her resignation tomorrow). You just used reported speech (estilo indirecto). In Spanish, transferring a direct quote into indirect speech is a mechanical process of shifting pronouns, time expressions, and occasionally tenses to align with the perspective of the person reporting the words. When the reporting verb—such as decir (to say), afirmar (to state), or preguntar (to ask)—is in the present, present perfect, or future tense, the sequence of tenses is remarkably straightforward. You do not need to alter the tense of the original quote. You only need to adjust the connectors, pronouns, and time markers. Linking the Quote In direct speech, a colon and quotation marks separate the speaker from the quote: Mateo dice: "Yo tengo hambre." (Mateo says: "I am hungry.") To convert this to indirect speech, replace the colon and quotation marks with the conjunction que (that): Mateo dice que tiene hambre. (Mateo says that he is hungry.) Notice that the subject pronoun yo changes to él (implied by the verb tiene). In Spanish, once you establish the subject, repeating the pronoun is unnecessary, which makes reported speech sound much more natural. Adjusting Pronouns and Time Expressions Even when the tense doesn't change, you must shift pronouns and time expressions to match the new context. If someone says, "I need this book today," and you report it an hour later, the words "I," "this," and "today" no longer apply to you. Pronoun Shifts: Direct: Ana dice: "Yo necesito mis documentos." Indirect: Ana dice que necesita sus documentos. Time and Place Expressions: When moving from direct to indirect speech, spatial and temporal references must adapt to the speaker's current reality. hoy (today) $\rightarrow$ ese día (that day) ahora (now) $\rightarrow$ entonces (then) mañana (tomorrow) $\rightarrow$ al día siguiente (the next day) ayer (yesterday) $\rightarrow$ el día anterior (the day before) este / esta (this) $\rightarrow$ aquel / aquella (that) Direct: Carlos dice: "Voy a viajar mañana." Indirect: Carlos dice que va a viajar al día siguiente. Asking Questions in Indirect Speech Reporting questions requires a slight structural shift depending on whether the original question was a yes/no question or an information question. Yes/No Questions: Use si (if/whether) instead of que. Direct: María pregunta: "¿Tienes tiempo?" Indirect: María pregunta si tengo tiempo. (María asks if I have time.) Information Questions: Keep the interrogative word (qué, quién, cuándo, dónde, etc.), but drop the question marks …
10. Conversational Fluency and Idiomatic Expressions
The Leap from Grammar to Fluency You have successfully navigated the intricacies of the preterite and imperfect tenses. You have wrestled with the present subjunctive, commanded rooms with the imperative mood, and connected your thoughts using por, para, and a host of logical connectors. You know the rules. But when a native speaker asks you a rapid-fire question on the street, the grammar charts in your head suddenly feel like a heavy anchor weighing down your tongue. True conversational fluency is not about perfect grammar; it is about processing speed and natural phrasing. Native speakers rarely speak in complete, textbook sentences. They rely on idiomatic shortcuts, versatile verbs, and conversational fillers to keep the dialogue moving while their brains plan their next thought. In this final module, we shift focus from the mechanics of grammar to the art of fluid, spontaneous conversation. The Versatile 'Tener' and 'Hacer' in Idiomatic Expressions Earlier modules explored how to express obligation using tener que + infinitive. Now, we expand this to the myriad of idiomatic expressions where tener and hacer replace verbs that English speakers typically use. Mastering these instantly makes your Spanish sound more native. Common Idioms with 'Tener' In English, we often use "to be" plus an adjective to describe states of being. In Spanish, tener is frequently used with a noun to express the same concept. Tener hambre / sed / sueño: To be hungry / thirsty / sleepy. (Literally: To have hunger / thirst / sleepiness). Tener calor / frío: To be hot / cold. (Note: Avoid "estoy caliente," which can carry a sexual connotation in many Spanish-speaking regions). Tener miedo (de): To be afraid (of). Tener razón / sin razón: To be right / wrong. Tener cuidado: To be careful. Tener éxito: To be successful. (Avoid "estoy exitoso"). Tener ganas de: To feel like / to have the urge to. Tener lugar: To take place. Scenario: Imagine you are at a restaurant with a friend. Instead of saying "Estoy hambriento y tengo mucha sed" (which sounds overly formal), you say, "Tengo mucha hambre y sed. ¿Pedimos algo de tomar?" Common Idioms with 'Hacer' The verb hacer is a workhorse in Spanish. Beyond meaning "to do" or "to make," it appears in expressions that describe weather, time, and causation. Hacer viento / frío / calor / sol: To be windy / cold / hot / sunny. (Never use "estar" for weather). Hacer caso (a alguien): To pay attention / to listen to someone. Hacer falta: To be necessary / to be missing. Hacer una pregunta: To ask a question. (Avoid "preguntar una pregunta"). Hacer las paces: To make peace / to reconcile. Hacerse el tonto / el loco: To play …
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